Essay/Term paper:  animalia vertebrata mammalia carnivora canidae canis lupus and animalia vertebrata mammalia carnivora canidae canis niger

Essay, term paper, research paper:  Science Reports

ANIMALIA VERTEBRATA MAMMALIA CARNIVORA CANIDAE CANIS LUPUS AND ANIMALIA
VERTEBRATA MAMMALIA CARNIVORA CANIDAE CANIS NIGER


Introduction:
Any person who has been able to catch a glimpse of any type of wolf is
indeed a lucky man. The wolf is one of the earth's most cowardly and fearful
animals, and it is so sly and, pardon the expression, foxy, that it is almost a
waste of time to try and catch him in any kind of trap.
Although he can be cowardly and fearful, he can also be one the most
vicious and blood-thirsty of all animals. Often, they simply kill as much prey
as is possible, regardless of hunger and appetite. This is done by
"hamstringing" their prey. This leaves them helpless and unable to move. Then
the wolf pack can eat and tear him apart at their own will. Although savage and
bloodthirsty, wolves are among some of the world's smartest and most perceptive
mammals.

Where found:
Wolves are found all over the world, and on almost every major continent
of the earth. The following wolves are types of Gray Wolves (Canis lupus).
In eastern Europe the European Wolf (Canis lupus lupus) can be found
even though it used to roam most of western Europe as well. In Spain, two
wolves have also been identified-Canis lupus deitanus and Canis lupus signatus.
While the first is similar to many of the other European wolves, the latter may
be more closely related to the jackal (Canis aureus), than to a wolf. The
Caucasion Wolf (Canis lupus cubanensis) is found in many parts of eastern Europe
and western Asia. The large tundra wolf of eastern Asia, the Tundra or Turukhan
Wolf (Canis lupus albus), is very close in relations to the wolves of northern
Alaska.
In the Arctic Islands and Greenland the Melville Island Wolf (Canis
lupus arctos), the Banks Island Wolf (Canis lupus bernardi), the Baffin Island
Wolf (Canis lupus manningi), and the Greenland wolf (Canis lupus orion), are all
found.
Wolves of the Continental Tundra and Newfoundland include the Alaska
Tundra Wolf (Canis lupus tundrarum), the Interior Alaska Wolf (Canis lupus
pambasileur), the Kenai Peninsula Wolf (Canis lupus alces), the Mackenzie Tundra
Wolf (Canis lupus mackenzii), the Mackenzie Valley Wolf (Canis lupus
occidentalis), the Hudson Bay Wolf (Canis lupus hudsonicus), the Labrador Wolf
(Canis lupus labradorius), and the Newfoundland Wolf (Canis lupus beothicus).
However, the Newfoundland wolf has seemed to become extinct. This is strange
because there is no evidence of them being intensely hunted by man, of extreme
habitat changes, or of lack of food and yet in the early 1900s they became
extinct.
The wolves of the Western Mountains and Coast of North America include
the British Columbia Wolf (Canis lupus colombianus), the Alexander Archipelago
Wolf (Canis lupus ligoni), the Vancouver Island Wolf (Canis lupus crassodon),
the Cascade Mountain Wolf (Canis lupus fuscus), the Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf
(Canis lupus irremotus), the Southern Rocky Mountain Wolf (Canis lupus youngi),
and the Mogollon Mountain Wolf (Canis lupus mogollonensis). Of these wolves,
the British Columbia Wolf is the largest. The last two of these wolves have now
been exterminated due to the killings by man.
The Mexican Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) is the smallest of the subspecies
of the wolves found in the Americas. They could be found in the area of
Northern Chihuahua and other parts of Mexico and the southern United States,
especially Texas. The Texas Gray Wolf (Canis lupus monstrabilis) is obviously
larger than the Mexican Wolf and used to be commonly found in Texas. Now, both
of these subspecies have been exterminated in the United States but still can be
found in the Sierra Madre Occidental and the mountains of western Coahuila and
eastern Chihuahua, in Mexico.
The Eastern of Timber Wolf (Canis lupus lycaon) and the Great Plains or
Buffalo Wolf (Canis lupus nubilus) could originally be found on almost 25% of
North America. Today, however, due to competition with settlers, the Buffalo
Wolves were exterminated by the early 1900s. The Timber Wolf, for the same
reason, can no longer be found in the United States, but still is common in
Ontario and Quebec.
There are three main subspecies of Red Wolves (Canis niger). They
include the Florida Red Wolf (Canis niger niger), the Mississippi Valley Red
Wolf (Canis niger gregoryi), and the Texas Red Wolf (Canis niger rufus). Gray
wolves and red wolves can usually be distinguished by size. In most cases the
gray wolves are larger than red wolves with the exception that some of the
larger red wolves may be bigger than the smaller of the gray wolves. They can
also be distinguished by identifying a knob, "called cingulum, on the upper
carnassials, or shearing teeth of the red wolf." However, this method, also, is
not altogether full-proof. In some cases a timber wolf will have a cingulum and
an occasional red wolf will not have one at all. This method of using the
cingulum to distinguish the wolves can also be decieving in that almost all
coyotes have a cingulum just like the red wolves.

Characteristics:
The Red Wolf and the Gray Wolf are both from the family Canidae. This
family includes the coyote, jackal, dingo, domestic dog, fox, bush dog, hunting
dog, dhole, and the wolf. The wolf has long and powerful legs, as well as a
mighty stamina, that allow it to spend eight to ten hours a day on the move and
in search of food. The wolves usually travel during the night times or in the
cool temperatures during dawn and dusk. They usually travel at an average speed
close to five miler per hour, but they can run up to 25 miles per hour. Wolves,
like most canids, are digitigrade with five toes on front feet and four on hind
feet. They are equipped with short, thick claws that give them good traction
for running.
Wolves are very well-equipped for the hunt. They have 42 teeth that are
backed up by incredibly strong jaw muscles. They usually can track their prey
with their keen sense of smell that, if downwind, can detect prey at up to
around 300 yards. An interesting aspect in the manner in which wolves is what is
known as the "conversation of death." Wolves often test large prey, and in
approaching whatever this might be, a moose, caribou, elk, or bison, they engage
their prey's gaze with a sober stare. Man has no been able to translate this
"phenomenon" any more than he has been able to translate the meaning and
significance of howling. However, it has been suggested that with this
momentary, silent communication it is decided whether the hunt will be stopped
or if a chase will follow.
Gray wolves (Canis lupus) generally have fairly heavey coats that
provide good insulation in cold weather. The first layer is a fine underfur and
the second layer is made up of long guard hairs that shed moisture and keep
underfur dry. Wolves can live in temperature as cold as -40 degrees fahrenheit.
The coats of gray wolves vary in color from gray to black, and sometimes from
brownish gray to brownish white. Many of their hairs can be black-tipped which
results in irregular, wavy black markings that are concentrated in the middle of
the back. The young of wolves are, throughout, grayer than the adults.
Red wolves (Canis niger) tend to be beautifully colored, with some black
and dark gray, brown, cinnamon, and buff. Their tail are generally the same as
the rest of the fur, but are usually dark-tipped. The color of these wolves
also tends to vary withe the season and with the geographic location. Wolves
from Chihuahua tend to be "grizzled on the back and flanks," whereas "these
parts are more tawny or brindled on wolves from southern Durango." The fur of
red wolves also tends to be more thin than that of the grey wolves. This is
because they tend to live in areas with much warmer climates than the areas of
the grey wolves.
The size of wolves can vary somewhat, but most wolves are relatively
close in size. Wolves are sexually dimorphic: the male wolves are measurably
larger than the females. The average length of male wolves is about 4.5-5.5
feet and the average height, at the shoulders is approximately 27-33 inches.
Their tales are between 14 and 17 inches long, and they range in weight from 70
to 100 pounds. The females are usually 4-5 feet long, 25-30 inches in height at
the shoulders, and have tails 12-15 inches long. They usually weight between
50 and 80 pounds.

How it interacts with the environment:
For wolves, pack is the basic unit, which can vary from 2 to 15 or more
wolves. They travel, hunt, feed, and rest together.
In each pack there is a specific order of rank and a well developed
social system. The highest ranking male, the alpha male, is dominant to all
others and directs the pack's activities. The alpha female is dominant over all
other females. Each pack may also include pups, juveniles, and older, more
mature wolves. The pack is very family oriented and there are stong bonds of
attachment within each pack. The socialization of pups begins when they start
to appear outside of the den. Here they establish dominance relations among
littermates through "play fighting." Younger males, not pups, but not adults
yet, prepare for adulthood in many ways. One of these ways is by chasing deer.
However, they do not chase to kill, but rather to practice, sharpen their
hunting skills, and to train themselves.
In a pack it is important that the dominant wolves are easily
distinguished from the submissive ones. To avoid fighting within the pack
wolves have ritualized behaviours, postures, and gestures that are used to show
dominance. A dominant wolf will assert himself by standing erect, ears and tail
up, eyes open, teeth bared, and body hairs erect. The subordinate wolf will
show his submission by slumping down, laying back his ears, putting his tail
between his legs, closing his mouth, and slightly closing his eyes. The
submissive wolf may, in some cases, lie belly up to show his submission.
Wolves are very territorial and the mark out their territories by
chemical signals. Among these are urine, feces, and secretions. Wolves usually
have a regular pattern of visiting and marking their territories every few weeks.
Through observation, it has been shown that, while on the move, an alpha male
will stop and mark every two minutes. Wolves also use these scents to recognize
which individuals have been to the given area.
Wolves are well-known for hunting large animals. They will hunt and
kill large animals such as moose, deer, caribou, mountain sheep, elk, bison, and
musk-ox, but, seasonally, they will also eat rodents, hares, birds, fish,
insects, and even carrion. While wolves must kill many animals for the pack to
survive, most chases do not end with a kill. Wolves react to how the prey
reacts first, and it has been shown that they seem to need the stimulus of prey
running away to start chasing after him. In the case of kill, the wolf can
consume up to 20 pounds and can then go for several days without eating.
Miscellaneous:
Wolves and humans have had a very inticate and close relationships for
thousands of years. They are also very similar in many ways. The wolf and man
are known as "apex hunters," that is, they hunt at the top of their food chain
and, except for each other neither has to compete with any other animal or enemy
for their biological niche. Another similarity between man and wolf is the pack.
Hominid hunter-gatherer clans stayed in groups of about 15 (even though they
ranged from 5 to 50, or greater, this was the average size) and would travel
over a territory of 500 to 1000 square miles in search of food. Wolves, in packs
of about ten, cover approximately the same size area. Few other animals would
ever travel in such wide-ranging parties made up of so few members.
Within the past two decades, Americans have developed a longing and a
want for wolves and dogs that have high proportions of wolf blood. People fall
in love with the wild elegance of the animals and the affectionate interaction
that can take place between them and the animal, but wolves being kept in the
house almost inevitably become a fatal attraction-usually for the wolf. While
the wolves are still pups they behave with a playful and rough affection that is
cute while the animal is young. But as the animal matures, its predisposed
nature of being a highly territorial predator emerges. This leads to conflict
between the wolf and the owner who has bought it for its wild appeal, but then
expects it to act as a domesticated pet. Whether by biting people, urinating
all over the house, or by tearing up cabinets and furniture, the wolf will
exhaust its owner and the wolf will no longer be as cute as it seemed it would
be. Wolves are not monstrous killing machines, but they are wild animals and
the best advice that can be given to anyone considering the purchase of a wolf
or wolf hybrid is not to.
Wolves have been in constant conflict with man. Sadly, extermination of
wolves has taken place in more than 95% of the 48 continuous United States, much
of Mexico, parts of Canada, most of Europe, and most of the Soviet Union. The
status of the wolf in the lower 48 states is endangered. Areas in northern
Minnesota and Isle Royale have been declared "Critical Habitat" and have been
protected from destruction or adverse modification. In Alaska, hunting of the
animal is permitted since the wolf is not included on the Endangered Species
List there. In Norway, Sweden, Italy, Israel, India, and Mexico the wolf is
totally protected by law although protection is often minimally enforced.
Man holds the future of the wolf in his hands; the wolf is fully capable
of surviving if man learns to understand it and therefore learn to appreciate it
and value it.